IntroductionPrecipitation plays an important role in the global energy and water cycle. It is important for assessment and management of land use, agriculture and hydrology such as flood and drought risk reduction to know about the amount of precipitation reaching the ground water. Assessment of climate change and its effects require long-term rainfall analysis in all spatial scales. Growing concern in the scientific community (Nicholls and Alexander, 2007) is about whether there is a significant change in the amount of precipitation?. About 29% reduction in the daily maximum water flow caused higher temperatures and increased evaporation with any change in rainfall causing drought in southern Canada during the years 1847 to 1996 (Zhang, Harvey, Hogg and Yuzyk, 2001). Recently summer drought caused by unusually dry heating in the areas related to tropical West Pacific and Indian Ocean (Andreadis, Clark, Wood, Hamletand and Lettenmaier, 2005; Pagano and Garen, 2005) including studies of climate change on global precipitation regimes. Germer (2008) has examined monthly variations in rainfall, floods, droughts and runoff in the Yangtze River Basin in China. In another study, Dao (2004) studied the daily variation of rainfall in semi-arid regions of northern China. Raziyy and Azizi (2008) said that topography and latitude are main factors of controlling the precipitation in the west part of Iran. Also, Asakereh (1386) has investigated spatiotemporal variation in Iran precipitation.

This paper deals with the numerical tracking of Middle Eastern cyclones. Cyclogensis regions and their movement tracks can be determined by respective algoritms. In this paper, re-analyzed NCEP data with the temporal resolution of 24 hours and the spatial resolution of 2.5 x 2.5 degrees, were used for the cold period (December, January, February, and March), of the years 1993-94 to 2002-03: The area study is located at 10°N-45°N and the longitude 0°E-65°E.An algorithm written in C++ language was used for locating the points, and ArcGIS software was utilized for drawing the tracks. As a result, five main tracks were characterized as most important tracks originated from western and northwestern areas; each month exhibits its own particular climatology. In January, the tracks tend to extend along the northern Mediterranean area. In March, the Atlantic low pressures increase noticeably. Most of the tracks have two-or three-day lifetimes; the effect of topography factor Information of cyclogenesis regions is more outstanding than on leading the tracks. Cyclones which enter Iran are along three main tracks and three sub-tracks. The most important track is the one that enters from the west, originating from Cyprus region; the frequency of occurrence of cyclones exhibits an ascending trend.

Temperature is one of the most important elements of climate that its changes can alter the climate of each region and plays a major role in how to operate the environmental and agricultural powers. The objectives of this study were the identification and evaluation of temperature anomalies in Mazandaran province. The data used in this study have been considered on a daily basis for the statistical period from 1971 to 2010 including two maximum and minimumm environmental data groups from 24 meteorological stations on land, pressure data at sea level and 500 hecto-pascal along the axis 52.5 ° east. In this study, the positive deviations in temperature continuing up to eleven days are considered as an indicator of temperature anomalies. The results of this study showed that the frequency of temperature anomalies in the province stations did not show significant differences. Also it is showed that the large-scale temperature anomalies are controlled by climatic factors outside the control of the local scale.However abnormality repetition, especially in maximum temperatures at the mountain stations has partially been more than coastal stations and the plains of the province. For this purpose, the relationship between abnormalities was evaluated with the index.And it was found that the estimated index in the studied region had high correlation with the province temperature anomalies. In addition, the anomaly change by Mann-Kendall test showed a significant increase in the frequency of abnormalities occurring in most stations.

Aim and Background: Thermostable DNA polymerase enzyme has been taken much into consideration due to its application in PCR and molecular biology researches and it has doubled the importance of the study on the various thermostable DNA polymerase. The purpose of this study was to assay the function and efficient production of the cold sensitive thermostable DNA polymerase and its quick and cheap purification.Material and Methods: After synthesis of the designed gene artificially, it was cloned into the pET28 vector and then was transferred into E.coli. IPTG was used as an inducer in the study of gene expression. Initial purification of the enzyme was performed by heat treatment at 72oC and precipitation of other insoluble proteins by centrifuge. The DNA synthesis activity of crude extract was compared with commercial enzyme.Result: Recombinant cold sensitive and thermostable Taq DNA polymerase expressed in E.coli showed a significant advantage and more desirable functionality such as activity and thermostable compared to commercial enzyme.Conclusion: With regard to importance and application level of thermostable DNA polymerase in molecular biology, the production method used in this study is practical and cost effective. Additionally, the simplicity of producing method of this enzyme and its accuracy is a good reason for artificial and local production of highly pure cold sensitive Taq DNA polymerase.

It's generally believed that delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) induced by unaccustomed exercise session causes myofibrillar damage. In recent years, the use of cold water immersion (CWI) following heavy training sessions has become common among athletes aiming to reduce soreness, although there isn't any strong scientific rational behind this method. The question is raised in this regard that if this method really accelerates recovery.Purpose: HSP25 as one of the stress proteins that have been shown to play an important role after damage and following remodeling process in skeletal muscle have been discussed in this study. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of HSP25 after damaging exercise followed by cold water immersion in different recovery time courses.Methods: male Wistar rats (n=96; W=290±10 gr) were divided into two groups of exercise (Ex) and exercise followed by cold water immersion (Ex+CWI). Each group divided to seven subgroups for seven time-courses (0, 0.5, 24, 48, 72, and 168 h after exercise).Results: we observed that the level of HSP25 in exercised muscles was increased significantly in all time courses except 168 hour after exercise (P<0.05). The increment pattern was the same in both groups: a gradual significant increase during the time points, reaching to peak level at late recovery periods, and returning to near basal level after one week. In Ex group, HSP25 level reach to its peak level 48 hours post exercise, while the peak time course for Ex+CWI group was 72 hours post exercise.Conclusion: the most important finding of this study is that using CWI after exercise session causes delay in expression of HSP25 in recovery period. Also, the level of expression after CWI is higher. These findings indirectly indicate that using cold water immersion after exercise session may increase the response of muscle to exercise-induced muscle damage and delay the recovery period.

Introduction: Tonsillectomy is one of the most common procedures performed by otolaryngologists. Intraoperative bleeding is a significant problem, which requires hemostasis and causes prolonged operative time. Several different techniques are used to perform this operation. The Ligasure Vessel Sealing System (LVSST) has been widely used in head and neck surgery because of its effectiveness and safety.Methods: This project was conducted at the department of otolaryngology of Besat Hospital, Hamadan, Iran. In this double-blinded clinical trial, 82 subjects, who were candidates for tonsillectomy and qualified in eligible criteria, were randomly assigned to 2 group of 41 subjects. Surgery was performed using Lvsst for one group and cold knife dissection for the other group. Measured outcomes for efficacy and adverse effect were intraoperative blood loss, operation time, post-operative pain in visual analogue scale, and post-operative bleeding for28 days after surgery. The SPSS 16 software was used for data analysis.Results: Method of LVSST was significantly better than CKT in operation time and bleeding on the first day after surgery, yet, postoperative blood loss in the first week after surgery in LVSST group was significantly higher than the CKT group. Severity of sore throat after surgery with Ligasure was higher than CKT the group, however the difference was not significant. Intraoperative bleeding in the LVSST group was significantly lower than that of the CKT group (P=0.000).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the prevalence of respiratory symptoms LVSST was better than CKT in intraoperative (not post-operative) blood loss and operation time, yet there was no difference regarding postoperative pain. For workers with a history of allergies, this ratio is higher.